# On the matter of topological insulators as magnetoelectrics

### Submission summary

 As Contributors: N. Peter Armitage Arxiv Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.01233v1 Date submitted: 2018-10-04 Submitted by: Armitage, N. Peter Submitted to: SciPost Physics Domain(s): Exp. & Theor. Subject area: Condensed Matter Physics - Experiment

### Abstract

It has been proposed that topological insulators can be best characterized not as surface conductors, but as bulk magnetoelectrics that -- under the right conditions-- have a universal quantized magnetoelectric response coefficient $e^2/2h$. However, it is not clear to what extent these conditions are achievable in real materials that can have disorder, finite chemical potential, residual dissipation, and even inversion symmetry. This has led to some confusion and misconceptions. The primary goal of this work is to illustrate exactly under what real life scenarios and in what context topological insulators can be described as magnetoelectrics. We explore analogies of the 3D magnetoelectric response to electric polarization in 1D in detail, the formal vs. effective polarization and magnetoelectric susceptibility, the 1/2 quantized surface quantum Hall effect, the multivalued nature of the magnetoelectric susceptibility, the role of inversion symmetry, the effects of dissipation, and the necessity for finite frequency measurements. We present these issues from the perspective of experimentalists who have struggled to take the beautiful theoretical ideas and to try to measure their (sometimes subtle) physical consequences in messy real material systems.

###### Current status:
Editor-in-charge assigned

### Submission & Refereeing History

Submission 1810.01233v1 (4 October 2018)

## Invited Reports on this Submission

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### Strengths

1) The paper has an accessible discussion to a broad audience.
2) The paper discusses at length various conceptual subtleties surrounding the magneto-electric effect in 3D topological insulators.

### Weaknesses

1) The paper illuminates on the discussion of the subtleties of the quantised magneto-electric effect in 3D topological insulators. However, at the same time, it tries to advocate the view, somewhat in between the lines, that a measurement of this effect is not that significant or important. Also it seems to bypass the question on whether the single isolated 1/2 quantised Hall conductivity in the surface of the TI can be measured.

### Report

The paper is a valuable addition to the discussion of the subtleties surrounding the magneto-electric effect in topological insulators. I found the discussion very instructive and at a level that can help communicate these issues to a broad audience.

In spite of the conceptual value of their discussion, the authors seem to suggest that there is not much value in pursuing the measurement of the quantised magneto-electric effect, and that this is basically a closed matter given that they have already measured the quantised Faraday rotation. There is no doubt that this effect is intimately related to the Faraday rotation effect described by the authors. But even though they are intimately related it is healthy not to blur completely their identities (think of the zero resistance and the perfect diamagnetism of a superconductor which are also intimately related to each other and come hand-in-hand in the superconducting state yet it is important to distinguish them).

More importantly, in my opinion no measurement to this date has been able to detect the isolated 1/2 quantised conductance expected at the surface of the TI (under the right symmetry breaking conditions to gap the surfaces). This is the essentially anomalous feature of a single surface of the 3D TI (which cannot be mimicked by any stand alone 2D band insulator). All measurements to this date basically contain additive contributions of the two surfaces making the result strictly non-anomalous. This a key aspect of the discussion that seems to have been mostly overlooked in the paper.

### Requested changes

1) In Eq(11) they mean "Re" instead of "Im"?

2) The argument that leads to Eq.(16) overlooks one important fact: that threading one flux per surface unit cell is an extremely large perturbation, so adiabaticity is far from guaranteed. In fact it is known that when half-flux quantum is threaded per unit cell strong topological insulators develop a kind of 1D metallic wire along the flux tube, in the form of a pair of gapless conter-propagating 1D gapless modes that penetrates into the bulk (see e.g. Phys. Rev. B 82, 041104(R) (2010)). Perhaps a safer argument can be made by assuming an enlarged unit cell. Can the authors should clarify or remove these arguments?

3) The authors state: "An effective magnetoelectric susceptibility can only be de fined in ... where the net Hall response is zero." (notice missing word ...="systems"). This is an important point, and I kind of see why (my view: if it is non-zero the system might have net charge accumulation from Streda formula after threading magnetic field, also surface cannot be fully insulating and hence charge might flow). But the authors should explain why this makes the effective magnetoelectric susceptibility ill defined.

4) The authors state: "The hybrid Wannier function representation makes explicit the fact that one cannot create Wannier functions in such a topological systems despite the fact that the eigenstates of Hamiltonian have the Bloch form." I guess the authors mean that one cannot create Wannier functions that are localized and strictly respect the symmetry? (see e.g. Phys. Rev. B 83, 035108 (2011), Phys. Rev. B 93, 035453 (2016)).

5) Related limitations to the measurement of the apparent monopole at the surface of a TI described here were also discussed in Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 016801 (2013).

6) The authors write: "Again by way of analogy with the 1D chain, this suggests a
way of looking at inversion symmetric insulators as overlapping e^2/h and -e^2
/h layers. As shown in Fig. 8, one can conceive of conventional insulators as being materials these conducting layers are centered on top of each other and spatially overlap and cancel, whereas a TI is where layers of them are displaced from each other by half a unit cell, giving 1/2e^2/h on the surface." How literal should this picture be taken? e.g. how is time reversal supposed to act in this hypothetical system of displaced quantum Hall layers? or, are the authors then imagining a system with large breaking of TRS throughout the bulk? if so, how to think then about TR invariant TI's?

7) In view of the comments in report above, the authors might want to revisit/rephrase statements such as:

"Although the development of systems that realize this con guration is very important from a materials perspective, we do not believe it warrants any particular consideration as anything special or fundamental. Both scenarios have the same formal ME susceptibility. As shown in Fig. 10, the two con figurations should just be considered as di fferent experimental conditions and realize fundamentally the same thing."

"However, as is hopefully clear from this discussion there is no intrinsic di erence from one scenario the other. They are all just di fferent demonstrations of the same underlying physics and both experiments are measures of the formal ME susceptibility."

• validity: good
• significance: good
• originality: good
• clarity: good
• formatting: good
• grammar: good

### Report

I have read through the manuscript by Wu and Armitage that was sent to me with great interest. The paper addresses the tricky question of the relationship of the magnetoelectric (ME) effect and the properties of topological insulators. The former has been studied for decades with all researchers agreeing with the fundamental argument that materials exhibiting ME effects must break both inversion (P) and time-reversal (T) symmetries. Nevertheless, a by-product of the recent breakthroughs in the area of topological insulators is the prediction that they also exhibit ME effects, despite not necessarily breaking either symmetry. Wu and Armitage discuss this seeming paradox in great detail and at a level that addresses a wide audience. As a result I wholeheartedly recommend the endorsement of this paper by SciPost.

• validity: -
• significance: -
• originality: -
• clarity: -
• formatting: -
• grammar: -

### Author N. Peter Armitage on 2018-11-26

(in reply to Report 2 on 2018-11-14)

We appreciate the positive comments of the referee.

### Author N. Peter Armitage on 2018-11-26

(in reply to Report 2 on 2018-11-14)

We appreciate the positive comments of the referee