# Anomalies in the Space of Coupling Constants and Their Dynamical Applications I

### Submission summary

 As Contributors: Ho Tat Lam · Nathan Seiberg Arxiv Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09315v2 (pdf) Date submitted: 2019-09-12 02:00 Submitted by: Lam, Ho Tat Submitted to: SciPost Physics Discipline: Physics Subject area: High-Energy Physics - Theory Approach: Theoretical

### Abstract

It is customary to couple a quantum system to external classical fields. One application is to couple the global symmetries of the system (including the Poincar\'{e} symmetry) to background gauge fields (and a metric for the Poincar\'{e} symmetry). Failure of gauge invariance of the partition function under gauge transformations of these fields reflects 't Hooft anomalies. It is also common to view the ordinary (scalar) coupling constants as background fields, i.e. to study the theory when they are spacetime dependent. We will show that the notion of 't Hooft anomalies can be extended naturally to include these scalar background fields. Just as ordinary 't Hooft anomalies allow us to deduce dynamical consequences about the phases of the theory and its defects, the same is true for these generalized 't Hooft anomalies. Specifically, since the coupling constants vary, we can learn that certain phase transitions must be present. We will demonstrate these anomalies and their applications in simple pedagogical examples in one dimension (quantum mechanics) and in some two, three, and four-dimensional quantum field theories. An anomaly is an example of an invertible field theory, which can be described as an object in (generalized) differential cohomology. We give an introduction to this perspective. Also, we use Quillen's superconnections to derive the anomaly for a free spinor field with variable mass. In a companion paper we will study four-dimensional gauge theories showing how our view unifies and extends many recently obtained results.

### Ontology / Topics

See full Ontology or Topics database.

###### Current status:
Has been resubmitted

### Submission & Refereeing History

Resubmission 1905.09315v3 on 31 October 2019

Submission 1905.09315v2 on 12 September 2019

## Reports on this Submission

### Anonymous Report 2 on 2019-10-16 Invited Report

• Cite as: Anonymous, Report on arXiv:1905.09315v2, delivered 2019-10-16, doi: 10.21468/SciPost.Report.1234

### Strengths

1. Notion of 't Hooft anomaly is extended to involve space of coupling constants
2. The generalized anomalies are more robust under deformations than standard 't Hooft anomalies and there are explicit examples where the generalized anomalies give stronger constraints
3. Mathematical perspetives on these anomalies are also provided

None

### Report

't Hooft anomalies have provided nontrivial constraints on dynamics and phases of quantum field theories. In particular any theory with 't Hooft anomalies cannot flow to a trivially gapped theory with a unique vacuum. It is also practically important that 't Hooft anomalies can be computed even in complicated theories which are not solvable by current technology (e.g. QCD). Therefore discovery of a new anomaly is highly appreciated.

This paper generalizes the notion of 't Hooft anomalies to involve space of coupling constants. The basic idea is well explained in terms of the pedagogical example of a particle on circle in section 2. In that example, the generalized anomaly involves theta angle as well as U(1) background gauge field.
The new anomaly can be used to discuss that the system must have a non-unique ground state at least one value of \theta
even if we add a large number of deformations preserving Z_N subgroup of the U(1) symmetry. For deformation preserving charge conjugaration C, the constraint by the new anomaly is
weaker than the one from mixed anomaly between Z_N symmetry and C at \theta=\pi in the sense that the new anomaly does not specialize \theta=\pi. However, the mixed anomaly argument cannot be applied for more general deformations breaking C while the new anomaly is still available. This is the advantage of the new anomaly.

The authors also dicusss other examples such as massive fermions in 1,2 and 4 dimensions, and two dimensional scalar QED. In the massive fermion examples, 't Hooft anomalies are extended to involve space of fermion mass which is real in 2d and 3d, and complex in 4d.

The latter sections discuss mathematical perspectives of the generalized anomalies above in terms of differential cohomology. Although it would be hard to read these sections for ordinary physicists, they should be useful for mathematicians and physicists familiar with mathematical knowledge used there. I do not think that this is a problem since earlier sections already discuss essentially the same physics
in a language familiar with physicists.

In coclusion I think that this paper is well-written and I strongly recommend this paper for publication in SciPost.

### Requested changes

A (minor) modification of the following point would be useful for readers:
When I first read the arguments on the descent procedures of the generalized anomalies (footnote 6, around eq.(2.16),(3.9) etc), I was a bit confused on the convention.
It would be better to write explicitly what are \alpha and \omega around eq.(2.16), and a relation between anomaly action and \omega (perhaps 2\pi*i \omega ?).

A typo:
In the last line of page 25, "give" -> "gives"

A possibly typo:
I guess there should be a minus sign in eq.(3.18) to be consistent with eq.(3.15).

• validity: top
• significance: top
• originality: top
• clarity: top
• formatting: perfect
• grammar: perfect

### Anonymous Report 1 on 2019-9-17 Invited Report

• Cite as: Anonymous, Report on arXiv:1905.09315v2, delivered 2019-09-17, doi: 10.21468/SciPost.Report.1174

### Strengths

1. 't Hooft anomaly matching is generalized, and this can provide more possibilities to constrain non-trivial IR dynamics of strongly-coupled field theories.
2. The paper includes many pedagogical examples.

Nothing

### Report

Anomaly matching provides a useful tool to study strongly coupled field theories thanks to the fact that it is RG invariant, and anomaly matching rules out the trivially gapped vacuum from its possible ground states. Even if the theory does not have any ’t Hooft anomaly, one can sometimes show that there must be a non-trivial IR dynamics when one varies the coupling constants if one can show that different parameter regions are distinguished as SPT phases. This paper is a trial to give a systematic way to treat such cases as a generalization of ’t Hooft anomaly matching.

The paper is well written. It includes sufficiently many pedagogical examples how such a thing is possible, and gives the motivation to formalize the way to prove non-triviality of IR physics without conventional ’t Hooft anomalies. After Sec. 5, mathematical details are explained and it gives a tool to fully formulate the systematic treatment of generalized ’t Hooft anomaly, and this part requires good familiarity with abstract mathematical techniques. But, every idea of this paper is explained before those sections, and I think it is understandable to the broad audience. For example, we can find that many of important formulas in Sec. 7 already appear with physicists’-friendly language in Sec. 4 or before.

I have some questions, which is described below, in order to understand the technical parts of this paper, but, anyway, I strongly recommend the publication of this paper.

Questions

1. I am confused with notation among (1.16), (1.18) and (1.19), in which domain of field theory is discussed.
When I look at (1.19), I understand that the most right of sequence is the space of background metric/gauge fields/spacetime-dependent theta parameter, while the most left is the space of dynamical fields. And, this looks to be important in Remark 1.20 in order to claim that anomaly is ’t Hooft anomaly, which does not depend on dynamical fields.
When I look at (1.16) and (1.18), however, the space of dynamical U(1) gauge fields $B_{\nabla}U(1)$ is put on the right. How should I understand this difference?

2. Does the Scenario Two in the bottom of p.15 correspond to adding spectator fermions as in original argument by ’t Hooft for anomaly matching?

3. In the bottom of p.22, the usefulness of generalizing Stora-Zumino descent procedure is mentioned, and it is claimed that this two-step inflow is generally possible for infinite order anomaly. What about finite order case? Is it always impossible?

• validity: top
• significance: top
• originality: high
• clarity: high
• formatting: excellent
• grammar: perfect

Author Ho Tat Lam on 2019-10-29
(in reply to Report 1 on 2019-09-17)
Category: