Parent Hamiltonian Reconstruction of Jastrow-Gutzwiller Wavefunctions

Submission summary

 As Contributors: Marcello Dalmonte · Xhek Turkeshi Arxiv Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11327v3 (pdf) Date accepted: 2020-02-28 Date submitted: 2020-02-05 Submitted by: Turkeshi, Xhek Submitted to: SciPost Physics Discipline: Physics Subject area: Quantum Physics Approaches: Theoretical, Computational

Abstract

Variational wave functions have been a successful tool to investigate the properties of quantum spin liquids. Finding their parent Hamiltonians is of primary interest for the experimental simulation of these strongly correlated phases, and for gathering additional insights on their stability. In this work, we systematically reconstruct approximate spin-chain parent Hamiltonians for Jastrow-Gutzwiller wave functions, which share several features with quantum spin liquid wave-functions in two dimensions. Firstly, we determine the different phases encoded in the parameter space through their correlation functions and entanglement content. Secondly, we apply a recently proposed entanglement-guided method to reconstruct parent Hamiltonians to these states, which constrains the search to operators describing relativistic low-energy field theories - as expected for deconfined phases of gauge theories relevant to quantum spin liquids. The quality of the results is discussed using different quantities and comparing to exactly known parent Hamiltonians at specific points in parameter space. Our findings provide guiding principles for experimental Hamiltonian engineering of this class of states.

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Published as SciPost Phys. 8, 042 (2020)

Dear Editor,

thank you for handling our submission.

We are pleased to thank the referees, whose insightful comments and observations helped us further improve and clarify our work. In this resubmission, we believe to have addressed all the point raised by the Referees. We append below a detailed response to the reports and the list of changes.

Yours sincerely,

Xhek Turkeshi and Marcello Dalmonte

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We thank the referee for their thoughtful reading on the manuscript. Here we reply to the corresponding points of their report, specifying the changes included in the resubmitted manuscript:

1) We updated the bibliography with other relevant works we have missed, including the ones suggested by the referee.

2) We included additional system sizes in Fig.2 (Fig.1 of previous submission) of the paper. We also performed a better system size analysis, included in Sec. (2.3) of the new manuscript. Since the scaling is very slow, we cannot give a thermodynamic answer on the intermediate regime, which seems representative of a Luttinger liquid phase.

3) In our work we use the definition of the correlation length in terms of the real space correlation functions (eq.(21-22) of the new manuscript). These formulae are meaningful only when the cluster decomposition principle holds. However, due to the functional form of the JG wave functions, in the symmetry broken phases this state would result in a coherent superposition of states in the different symmetry broken sectors. In fact these are the GHZ states, which are a remarkable exception of the cluster decomposition. All the data presented are in the critical regime, where this principle holds (and the correlation length is well defined). To confirm this fact, we added a new subplot of the correlation functions in LogLog scale. The seemingly algebraic decay guarantees the principle is holding. We added a discussion to further clarify this point in Sec.(2.4). Finally, for presentation convenience we decided to present in the new manuscript only L multiples of 4, with system sizes up to L=36.

4) As the referee observe, the optimization with only nearest-neighbors indeed requires only one free parameter. Nevertheless, to benchmark the algorithm, we decided to present the results of an unconstrained optimization. From the table one can see that the symmetries are always respected and the relative ratios of the converged couplings are consistent with those expected in the exact cases. In the table caption we further comment on this point. We apologize for not stating this before, as this was clearly confusing.

5) Motivated by the insightful comment of the Referee, we computed the relative error between the exact ground state energy of the reconstructed Hamiltonian and its variational energy on the Jastrow-Gutzwiller state. The results are presented in a new paragraph of section 4.3. Below we summarize the included discussion, and refer to the new version of the paper for further details.

All the cases considered in our studies lie within 1\% of relative error in the energy landscape. In addition, we also present data of the relative error as a function on nearest-neighbors considered in the reconstruction. Interestingly, this quantity seems to increase with larger basis considered, although the two states are closer and closer (see Fig.5 and Fig.6). This is reminiscent of what happens for the correlation functions (Section 4.3, paragraph: Correlation functions). In the same perspective, at present we cannot fully understand and characterize such counterintuitive behavior. As we mention, this may be due to the algorithm forcing the optimization on a finite size landscape and creating frustration effects. For example, this is probably what happens in the case $\alpha=2$, which should converge to the Haldane-Shastry prefactors. Another possibility is that new operator content is needed, and the chosen basis cannot grasp the thermodynamic properties of the systems. Further investigations on this problem are left for future studies.

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We thank the referee for their interesting comments. We address the requested changes below.

1) We added a reliable system size scaling in Sec.(2.3). We construct a mesh of the critical exponent and the critical value of alpha e consider the optimal fit over different polynomial degree and system sizes. The optimal fit is chosen using the least-square test. Values and error of the different estimates are the average and standard deviation over the set of optimal fits obtained with different L-ranges and deg-ranges. In particular, the new estimated critical alpha is around 4.3(1).  Nonetheless, we also argued that this scaling is very slow, since is an algebraic function of Log(L). As such, further system sizes are needed to fully characterize the transition point.

3) We added a new subsection about the participation spectrum in Sec.(2.2). In particular we discuss the relation to the logarithmic potential observed in the domain walls sector of the XXZ model. We also discuss their relationship to the recently proposed conjecture that JG states are representatives of a Luttinger liquid phase. At the time of writing this paper we were not aware of the work of Ref.[64-65]. In particular in the latter the authors use the Resta polarization to numerically estimate a critical point between a Luttinger phase to a Neel ordered phase at alpha_c=4. Our simulations for similar system sizes in the entanglement entropy seems to give another value of critical transition point. We believe that further studies are needed to resolve the nature of the variational JG wave functions.

3) We have split Fig.5 ( Fig.3 of the previous version) in two LogLog subplots presenting respectively the connected correlation functions and the inverse correlation length. For notational convenience we present only L multiples of 4, with system sizes up to L=36.

4) We added a comment in Sec.(3.3) on other choices of estimators (including the KL divergence). In particular we remark this is not unique and we have chosen the relative entropy for implementation convenience. In fact the latter is both convex and has a simple derivative (used in the gradient descent). Furthermore, we mention that at present the relationship between the KL divergence and the quantum relative entropy has not been studied yet and deserve independently to be investigated.

5) As discussed in the work by Chertkov and Clark, methods based on the quantum covariance matrix, do not return the parent Hamiltonian, but rather, an Hamiltonian whose input vector is a generic eigenstate, not necessarily the ground state. In order to verify that the given state is the ground state, a separate procedure is required. As such, we feel that a direct comparison is not possible, as the methods are addressing quite different questions (out method targets the ground state by construction).  Following the Referee’s remarks, we have expanded our discussion on this issue in the beginning of Sec.(3).

List of changes

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List of changes:
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-Corrected various typos
-Added Sec(2.2) discussing the participation spectrum (new figure Fig.1) (comments requested by Referee II)
-Added a discussion on the finite size scaling in sec 2.3 (new figure Fig.4) (to respond to both referees)
-Removed the appendix on finite size scaling
-Added new subfigure in fig.5 (old fig.3), both in Loglog scale (to respond to both the referees)
-Added a discussion in sec (2.4) about the correlation length (requested by Referee I)
-Added a discussion in the beginning of sec (3) to comment on the quantum covariance matrix approach in relationship to our work (requested by Referee II)
-Added a comment on other estimators in sec (3.3), especially the KL divergence (requested by Referee II)
-Added a clarification in the label of Table 1 (requested by Referee I)
-Added a new paragraph in sec (4.3) discussing the relative error between the variational energy of the JG wave functions and the ground state energy of the parent Hamiltonian (requested by Referee I)
-Updated bibliography

Submission & Refereeing History

Resubmission 1909.11327v3 on 5 February 2020
Submission 1909.11327v2 on 4 October 2019

Reports on this Submission

Strengths

Pedagogical and thorough study of an interesting family of 1D wave functions

Report

In this new version, Turkeshi and Dalmonte have addressed several new aspects of this interesting problem. They certainly raised many new interesting effects, which deserve further studies.

I believe this manuscript is now ready for publication.

• validity: high
• significance: high
• originality: high
• clarity: top
• formatting: perfect
• grammar: perfect

Strengths

The paper report calculations on simple Jastrow wave functions that have not been considered before.

Report

The authors replied to my questions in a satisfactory way. I think that now the paper may be published.

• validity: good
• significance: good
• originality: high
• clarity: high
• formatting: excellent
• grammar: excellent