# Conjectures on Hidden Onsager Algebra Symmetries in Interacting Quantum Lattice Models

### Submission summary

 As Contributors: Yuan Miao Arxiv Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.14569v2 (pdf) Date submitted: 2021-04-21 10:45 Submitted by: Miao, Yuan Submitted to: SciPost Physics Academic field: Physics Specialties: Mathematical Physics Quantum Algebra Condensed Matter Physics - Theory Approach: Theoretical

### Abstract

We conjecture the existence of hidden Onsager algebra symmetries in two interacting quantum integrable lattice models, i.e. spin-1/2 XXZ model and spin-1 Zamolodchikov-Fateev model at arbitrary root of unity values of the anisotropy. The conjectures relate the Onsager generators to the conserved charges obtained from semi-cyclic transfer matrices. The conjectures are motivated by two examples which are spin-1/2 XX model and spin-1 U(1)-invariant clock model. A novel construction of the semi-cyclic transfer matrices of spin-1 Zamolodchikov-Fateev model at arbitrary root of unity value of the anisotropy is carried out via transfer matrix fusion procedure.

###### Current status:
Has been resubmitted

### Submission & Refereeing History

Resubmission 2103.14569v4 on 19 July 2021
Resubmission 2103.14569v3 on 29 June 2021

Submission 2103.14569v2 on 21 April 2021

## Reports on this Submission

### Strengths

1- Exhibits a remarkable feature (Onsager algebra symmetry) previously unknown in well-studied quantum integrable systems (XXZ chains at root of unity)
2- Self-contained and clearly written

### Weaknesses

1- No explicit expression for the Onsager generators (except at the free fermion point), therefore not so clear whether the Onsager symmetry will be of much use for the present models
2- The presence of Onsager generators is almost everywhere conjectured, no solid proof.

### Report

In this work the author builds upon a previous work of his and collaborators [29] as well as on [15] by another group, to conjecture on the presence of a hidden Onsager algebra symmetry in XXZ quantum chain at root of unity, as well as in its spin 1 descendent (the Fateev-Zamolodchikov chain). The Onsager generators are related to transfer matrices built out of semi-cyclic representations of the quantum group $U_q(sl_2)$, and are argued to account for the multiple degeneracies observed in the spectrum of such models.

While I'm afraid the results presented here might have limited applicability (in contrast with the earlier work [15] where the Onsager generators enjoyed an explicit expression in terms of local densities, here they are only quasilocal and never written explicitly), it is nice enough to see a precise characterization of the relation between the Onsager algebra and XXZ chains so that this paper deserves publication in SciPost, once taken in account the minor requests below.

### Requested changes

1- there are some typos, and some awkward formulations, so I suggest that the author goes over the draft one more time and corrects the grammar. two examples : p1 : "Hamltonian". p10 : "one might wonder the question"

2- in the introduction, the phrasing "higher spin generalizations of XX model" is a bit deceiptive, as it might suggest that the higher spin models are, as the XX model, free. Rather, the naming "higher spin generalizations the XXZ model at root of unity"

3- Section 2 is confusing in many respects, in my opinion.
The first reason is the naming "Onsager algebra" for different algebras, as already pointed out by a previous referee. This should be clarified.
The second reason is that this section is presented as a self-contained and generic exposition of the Onsager algebra, but it includes some statements which refer to applications to XXZ chains (to which the rest of the paper is devoted) without this being mentioned explicitly, hence causing confusion. In particular, the statement "$A_0$ and $A_1$ are considered as U(1) charges" is unclear, as well as the statement that Dolan-Grady relation imply Kramers-Wannier self-duality. It would be more fair to say, in my opinion, that in the following of the paper $A_0$ has an incarnation as a U(1) charge identified as the magnetization, and that the existence of $A_1$ and DG relations suggests the existence of some sort of duality.

4- a question for the author : for the spin 1 chain (p. 13), the author mentions the special case eta=i pi/3, where the charges can be written in terms of local densities. Might not it be the case also for eta=2ipi/3 ?

5- finally, could the author clarify somewhere, or at least have a word about, the relation between this Onsager algebra symmetry, and the loop group $L(sl_2)$ which is a known feature of root-of-unity chains ?

• validity: high
• significance: good
• originality: good
• clarity: high
• formatting: excellent
• grammar: reasonable

### Report

A. Overview and general comment

Two quantum integrable models are considered: the quasi-periodic (twist $\phi$) spin-1/2 XXZ chain, and its spin-1 generalization - the Zamolodchikov-Fateev model. For root of unity values of the deformation parameter $q$, it is conjectured that the Hamiltonian enjoys a hidden non-Abelian symmetry associated with (a quotient of, strictly speaking) the Onsager algebra. The conjectures are proposed based on the construction of transfer matrices for a semi-cyclic auxiliary space representation following [29].

This article contains promising results, extending further Vernier-O'Brien-Fendley recent results [15]. In particular, it suggests to investigate above models from the point of view of the Onsager algebra. This might open the possibility of investigating correlation functions and out-of-equilibrium dynamics in these models, see e.g. [16]. For these reasons, it deserves to be published in SciPost Physics after some revisions.
The revisions mainly aim to improve the presentation and clarify few points. Details are given below.

Nota bene: Strictly speaking, the paper deals with different quotients of the Onsager algebra. For what is concerned in the paper, this point is not considered as essential. However, it may become for a deeper analysis of the model considered (see e.g. reference [R0] below).

B. Suggestions

0. In the literature, the Onsager algebra $O$ admits different types of presentations through generators and relations. The historical one [1] is given in terms of generators $A_m,G_n$ with relations (2.1). Another presentation by Dolan-Grady [8] is given in terms of generators $A_0,A_1$ with (2.3). Now, in [15] a new algebra with relations (2.6)-(2.9) is introduced, with generators $A_m^{0},A_m^{\pm}$. To avoid any confusion, let's call this algebra $O'$. Following [15], the author gives an embedding $O \subset O'$ in (2.5). Thus, $O$ may be - from this information only - a subalgebra of $O'$, not necessarely equivalent to $O$. However, as written in the text of the present form, it is not clear for the reader how $O'$ and $O$ are related: are they isomorphic? is one a non-trivial subalgebra of the other? Clarifying that is not just a mathematical question: it is essential, as the key results in further sections are various representations for which $[H,O']=0$. Indeed, for instance without further clarification it may happen that there is no map $O' \rightarrow O$ ($O$ may be smaller than $O'$). In that case, the real symmetry (characterizing the fine structure of the model) would be $O'$, not $O$. Then, by (2.5) $[H,O]=0$ would not be essential. But that would contradict the claim that $O$ is the most interesting symmetry of the model. To clarify this issue, one needs to check that there exists an inverse map $O' \rightarrow O$. Looking at [15], this map can be constructed from the relations below (1.2) of [15]: each generator of $O'$ can be written solely in terms of $A_0,A_1$ of $O$.
According to previous comments, $O'$ and $O$ (provided (2.5) holds) are indeed equivalent. So, as this point is crucial although no comments are given in the present form of the paper, I suggest the author to improve the sentence

From (2.1), it is easy to observe...

above (2.13) as follows (for instance):

From [15], it is known that all generators $A_m^{0},A_m^{\pm}$ of (2.6)-(2.9) can be written as polynomials in $A_0,A_1$. Thus, from

$$[H,A_m^r]=0 \ , \ r \in \{0,+,-\}, \ m \in {\mathbb Z}\ ,$$

and (2.5) one finds (2.12).'

1. Below (3.5), the notation ${\bf L}^{\textsf{sc}}_{aj}(u,s,\beta)$ is introduced. Please define $s$ (later on it is mentionned below (3.9), but that should be done below (3.5)). Also, to be self-contained and because ${\bf L}^{\textsf{sc}}_{aj}(u,s,\beta)$ plays a crucial role in the following analysis, the definition of ${\bf L}^{\textsf{sc}}_{aj}(u,s,\beta)$ should be clearly stated/improved. Also, it is written The transfer matrix is therefore denoted as ${\bf L}^{\textsf{sc}}$. I think it should be The Lax operator is therefore denoted as $L^{\textsf{sc}}_{aj}(u,s,\beta)$'.

2. Below (3.5), it is said that semi-cyclic representations of $U_q(sl_2)$ are condidered. Please add a precise reference (ref with eqs. number) where they are described explicitly. What are the expressions of ${\bf K}_a,{\bf S}^\pm_a$ in this case? Please add it somewhere in the text.

3. Above (3.6), it is written 'As proven in [29],...'. However, in [29] I see (3.3) but can't find a proof of the claim. So the sentence should be modified. If it is not proven in the paper, a reference for the proof should be given.

4. The proof that (3.7) solves (3.6) is not given. It is expected to be a corollary of (3.6), but for a non-expert reader, a reference is welcome.

5. As a corollary of (3.6), it is expected that (3.8) are mutually commuting for arbitrary values of $u$. For a non-expert reader, a sentence and a reference are welcome.

6. In (3.13), ${\bf T}_s(u,\phi)$ is introduced without definition. How is it related with ${\bf T}^{sc}_s(u,\beta,\phi)$? ${\bf T}_s(u,\phi)$ should be clearly defined below (3.8).

7. Above (3.13)-(3.14), it is claimed that both relations hold. No assumptions on the parameter $\phi$ are specified. However, top of page 7 it is written 'Note that ..$Y$ charges satisfy (3.13)-(3.14) only when the twist $\phi$ is commensurate'. That is confusing. If (3.13)-(3.14) holds only for $\phi$ commensurate, this sentence top of page 7 should be right above (3.13).

8. In the literature (physics and maths), the terminology Onsager generators' is standard, and always refers to $A_m,G_n$. In the paper, the author sometimes used the term Onsager generators' for $A_m,G_n$, but also for the new generators $A_m^{0},A_m^{\pm}$. Below (2.9), I suggest either to add a sentence explaining that in the text, the terminology Onsager generators' is also used for $A_m^{0},A_m^{\pm}$ (there may be still some readers for whom that will remain anyway confusing), or to introduce the terminology `Onsager type generators' for $A_m^{0},A_m^{\pm}$.

C. Additional references suggested, typos, cosmetic changes

1. Introduction: "Later Onsager has been used" $\rightarrow$ "Later the Onsager algebra has been used".

2. In the article, the Onsager algebra is generated from studying transfer matrices associated with RLL quantum Yang-Baxter algebras. In the literature, it has been shown recently that the Onsager algebra (and generalizations of [50]) arises from classical non-standard Yang-Baxter algebras [R1]. For completeness, it may be helpful to complete the sentence in the Introduction: "A thorough and comprehensive summary...[14]" by:

"Furthermore, recently an isomorphism between the Onsager algebra and a non-standard classical Yang-Baxter algebra is obtained [R1]".

3. In the text, please replace when appropriate "Onsager algebra" $\rightarrow$ "the Onsager algebra" (ex: beginning of section 2); Below (2.2): "the Dolan-Grady (DG) relation" $\rightarrow$ "the Dolan-Grady (DG) relations" (indeed, one has two relations).

4. In Figure 1: to be consistent with previous notations: "${\bf T}^{sc}$" $\rightarrow$"${\bf T}_a^{sc}(u,\beta,\phi)$".

5. First line of Section 4. It is said "It is well-known that XX model ...possesses Onsager algebra symmetry." Please add a reference.

6. In Section 7, it is written "Despite the credibility of the conjectures, it would be interesting to prove them using quantum integrability".
Actually, it may happen that part of the analysis in the author's paper (and of [29]) share some similarity with the analysis and proofs in a series of papers of Shi-shyr Roan between 2006 and 2012. For instance, see reference [R2] below.
If relevant, a comment may be added and adding few references would make sense.

7. About the last sentence of Section 7. Actually, generalizations of Onsager algebra were first introduced by Uglov-Ivanov (A-type) in [R3], and Date-Usami (D-type) [R4]. I would recommend to add [R3,R4] together with [50]. It makes sense, not only for historical purpose. Indeed, SciPost is a physics journal, so connections between generalized Onsager algebras and integrable models - as pointed out in [R3] - would be helpful to the reader.

8. Typo in Ref. [34]: "...$ofU(qsl2)in$..." $\rightarrow$ "of ...$U_q(sl_2)$... in".

D. References

[R0] B. Davies, Onsager's algebra and superintegrabilityDOI:10.1088/0305-4470/23/12/010Corpus ID: 119898494

[R1] Baseilhac, P., Belliard, S. Cramp\'e, N. FRT presentation of the Onsager algebras. Lett Math Phys 108, 2189–2212 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-018-1068-x

[R2] S-s Roan, The Transfer Matrix of Superintegrable Chiral Potts Model as the Q-operator of Root-of-unity XXZ Chain with Cyclic Representation of $U_q(sl_2)$, J.Stat.Mech.0709:P09021,2007. doi 10.1088/1742-5468/2007/09/P09021

[R3] D.B. Uglov, I.T. Ivanov, $sl(N)$ Onsager’s algebra and integrability, J. Stat. Phys. 82 (1996), 87–113.

[R4] E. Date, K. Usami, On an analog of the Onsager algebra of type $D_n^{(1)}$. In: ”Kac-Moody Lie algebras and related topics”, 43–51, Contemp. Math., 343, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2004.

### Attachment

• validity: -
• significance: -
• originality: -
• clarity: -
• formatting: -
• grammar: -

### Strengths

1. New non-trivial algebraic structure conjectured for the very well studied system

### Weaknesses

Lack of proofs for the cases where the statement can be proved (free fermion point for the spin 1/2 chain, $\pi/3$ point for the spin 1 case)

### Report

The main result of the paper is a conjecture for the hidden Onsager symmetry for spin 1/2 and spin 1 XXZ chains at roots of unity. The Onsager algebra generators are expressed in terms of the quasi-local charges. The result is new and can be extremely useful.
The conjecture is based on the observation for the free-fermion point for the spin $\frac 12$ case and $\pi/3$ point for the spin 1 case. As this is the main source of the conjectured general result the lack of detailed proof of the 2 conjectures for these simple points is the main reason why the paper cannot be published in its present form. The author also mentions that only a part of the conjecture 2 is proved for the free fermion case and which one is not, it should be stated in a more precise way.
As a conclusion : the paper should be certainly published once comprehensive derivations are added for the clock models (at least as appendices but better in the main part of the paper).

### Requested changes

1. Add proofs and detailed construction of the quasi-local charges in sections 4.1 and 6.1
2. Give a detailed explanation which part of the Conjecture 2 is not yet proved for the simple cases.
3. Add derivations for the equations (4.7), (4.9), (6.7) and (6.8).
4. It would be useful to provide a proof of the closer condition (4.8) in the free fermion point (at least as an appendix)

• validity: high
• significance: high
• originality: high
• clarity: good
• formatting: excellent
• grammar: excellent