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Two-dimensional topological paramagnets protected by $\mathbb{Z}_3$ symmetry: Properties of the boundary Hamiltonian

by Hrant Topchyan, Vasilii Iugov, Mkhitar Mirumyan, Tigran S. Hakobyan, Tigran A. Sedrakyan, Ara G. Sedrakyan

Submission summary

Authors (as registered SciPost users): Vasilii Iugov · Tigran Sedrakyan · Hrant Topchyan
Submission information
Preprint Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15095v2  (pdf)
Date submitted: 2024-12-17 12:44
Submitted by: Sedrakyan, Tigran
Submitted to: SciPost Physics
Ontological classification
Academic field: Physics
Specialties:
  • Condensed Matter Physics - Theory
  • Quantum Physics
Approach: Theoretical

Abstract

We systematically study gapless edge modes corresponding to Z_3 symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases of two-dimensional three-state Potts paramagnets on a triangular lattice. First, we derive microscopic lattice models for the gapless edge and, using the density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach, investigate the finite-size scaling of the low-lying excitation spectrum and the entanglement entropy. Based on the obtained results, we identify the universality class of the critical edge, namely the corresponding conformal field theory and the central charge. Finally, we discuss the inherent symmetries of the edge models and the emergent winding number symmetry. As a result, one-dimensional chains with this symmetry form a model that supports gapless excitations due to its tricritical symmetry. Numerically, we show that low-energy states in the continuous limit of the edge model can be described by conformal field theory (CFT) with central charge c = 1, given by the coset SU_k (3)/SU_k (2) CFT at level k=1.

Author indications on fulfilling journal expectations

  • Provide a novel and synergetic link between different research areas.
  • Open a new pathway in an existing or a new research direction, with clear potential for multi-pronged follow-up work
  • Detail a groundbreaking theoretical/experimental/computational discovery
  • Present a breakthrough on a previously-identified and long-standing research stumbling block

Author comments upon resubmission

We sincerely appreciate the time and effort the referees dedicated to reviewing our work and for their constructive feedback.

We have carefully considered all the comments and suggestions provided by the referees and have addressed them thoroughly in the revised version of the manuscript. Additionally, we have prepared a detailed response to the referees’ questions and comments, which are included below for your convenience.

Our revisions have significantly strengthened the manuscript, and we hope it now meets the high standards of SciPost Physics.

Best regards,

The authors.

================= Responses to referee comments =================

We thank the referees for their efforts and appreciate the comments, many of which have made the revised paper more complete and more straightforward to comprehend for readers. Below, we address all the points raised by the referees.

Our response to Referee 1:

  1. We would disagree that the current model is closely related to the one studied in [61]. Of course, the model resulting from the Z_3 symmetry is also induced in the case of the (Z_3)^3 symmetry. However, it was neither formulated nor studied in [61]. The approach to the investigation of the model is indeed similar to [61], there are new obstacles here that have to be overcome. One such example is the anti-symmetrization procedure of the relevant cohomology group element. The paper has a more generalizable model formulation approach than [61]. These points are now more clearly stated in the paper.

  2. A figure is now added for easier comprehension, as suggested.

3.1. The question about different edge theories is now addressed in the paper (the end of section 2). There are three phases, but all the non-trivial boundary models are the same.

2, 3.2, 5. For clarity, we have reformulated some of the ideas discussed in the manuscript (e.g., the one mentioned in the abstract, for the phrase after eq.25, etc.) and made some text rearrangements (section 5) for a more coherent narrative structure. Additionally, we included extra comments regarding the formula derivations.

  1. The question of embedding the S_3 symmetry on the boundary CFT is now addressed at the end of section 5.

Our response to Referee 2

  1. A figure is now added as a part of the definition for "color" and generally for easier comprehension. The $p_p$ typo is now fixed (it should have been $n_p$).

  2. The two non-trivial edge theories result in the same edge Hamiltonian as the first one, as they are induced by transformations U and its conjugate U^+. The third boundary phase is the trivial one. A more detailed discussion is added at the end of section 2.

  3. The formulation in the abstract about tricriticality is now made more transparent, and a discussion of it is added after eq.19.

4.1. The mismatch of the formula and the figure boils down to the fact that the Hamiltonian is defined up to a positive coefficient. Thus, there is an energy scale freedom. The figure is now updated and contains more information. The mismatch is fixed. The text around eq.45 (now eq.47) has also been refactored.

4.2. The choice of open boundary conditions is purely computational, as it is significantly more challenging for the computer to calculate closed chains.

4.3. The computed value x=1 is the (total) scaling dimension of the leading scaling operator, which (assuming that holomorphic and anti-holomorphic components have the same dimension) brings the dimension of each component to 1/2. The complete study of the primary field set in the SU(3)/SU(2) coset CFT and their conformal dimensions is a matter of future work.

  1. Computed values of central charge, CFT primary field dimension, anomalous current algebra level, and symmetry analysis support the proposed CFT. We consider further justification outside of the scope of this particular paper, and it is a topic that we plan on studying further.

  2. The fixes have been done.

Our response to Referee 3

Section 4. The symmetries indeed help to understand the boundary theory. First, some symmetries (namely the winding number) are a feature of the boundary model and don't exist otherwise. The discrete symmetry indicates gapless excitations. Then, during the identification of the continuum limit theory, they are also helpful, as the symmetries should also transfer to the continuum limit. The system ’t Hooft anomaly is also related to those symmetries.

Numerical calculations are also necessary. They provide information about the system, including its central charge, corresponding CFT lightest primary field scaling dimension, and anomalous current algebra level. The last one is directly connected to the symmetries, as the expressions of those currents are directly derived from symmetry expressions. Moreover, the numerical calculations would be much more efficient if Hamiltonian's symmetries were explicitly known.

Section 5. It is impossible to determine the central charge from the energy gap analysis as it always appears next to the velocity coefficient v. This part of the paper was revised, and everything is written explicitly now.

Although starting with the Potts model, the derived edge theory differs from the conventional Potts model in 1D. As the paper states, the theory is anomalous and incompatible with parafermions.

Overall, we have done some idea reformulations for clarity and made text rearrangements (section 5) in the manuscript for a more coherent narrative structure. Additionally, we included extra comments regarding the formula derivations and the phenomenon of physics in general.

List of changes

- The sentence concerning the tricriticality is made more clear.

- An explanation of the relation between the Z_3 and Z_3^3 models is added in the last paragraph of the Introduction.

- A figure displaying the lattice (Fig.1) is added to support the definitions and the boundary model derivation.

- Eq.4 and the text around it are modified to make the derivation of the unitary transformation easier to understand.

- The second-to-last paragraph in Section 2 is added to explain how considering a single Hamiltonian covers all the existing boundary phases.

- The last paragraph (sentence) in Section 2 is added to emphasize the novelty of the current derivation approach.

- A paragraph is added after Eq.19 to explain the mechanism of the tricritical symmetry in detail.

- The notion of the Winding number symmetry being a "distinctive feature" is clarified before Eq.26.

- The order of discussing the entanglement entropy and the first excitation gap is switched in section 5.

- The analysis of the first excitation gap (Eq.47 and the surrounding text) is now more detailed and comprehensible.

- The figure for the first excitation gap (Fig.4) is changed to fix the energy-scale inconsistency and to match the new narrative structure.

- The last paragraph of Section 5 is modified to include the discussion of embedding the S_3 symmetry of the initial boundary model in the proposed CFT.

- Other minor (1-2 word) changes are done throughout the manuscript for grammar and aesthetic reasons.

Current status:
In refereeing

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