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Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations and integrable hyperbolic Landau-Zener models

by Suvendu Barik, Lieuwe Bakker, Vladimir Gritsev, Emil A. Yuzbashyan

This Submission thread is now published as

Submission summary

Authors (as registered SciPost users): Lieuwe Bakker · Suvendu Barik
Submission information
Preprint Link: scipost_202409_00030v2  (pdf)
Code repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11620325
Date accepted: June 25, 2025
Date submitted: June 10, 2025, 9:30 a.m.
Submitted by: Bakker, Lieuwe
Submitted to: SciPost Physics
Ontological classification
Academic field: Physics
Specialties:
  • Condensed Matter Physics - Theory
  • Mathematical Physics
  • Quantum Physics
Approach: Theoretical

Abstract

We study the relationship between integrable Landau-Zener (LZ) models and Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equations. The latter are originally equations for the correlation functions of two-dimensional conformal field theories, but can also be interpreted as multi-time Schrödinger equations. The general LZ problem is to find probabilities of tunneling from eigenstates at t=tin to eigenstates at t+ for an N×N time-dependent Hamiltonian ˆH(t). A number of such problems are exactly solvable in the sense that their tunneling probabilities are elementary functions of Hamiltonian parameters. Recently, it has been proposed that exactly solvable LZ models of this type map to KZ equations. Here we use this connection to identify and solve a class of integrable LZ models with hyperbolic time dependence, ˆH(t)=ˆA+ˆB/t, for N=2,3, and 4, where ˆA and ˆB are time-independent matrices.

Author indications on fulfilling journal expectations

  • Provide a novel and synergetic link between different research areas.
  • Open a new pathway in an existing or a new research direction, with clear potential for multi-pronged follow-up work
  • Detail a groundbreaking theoretical/experimental/computational discovery
  • Present a breakthrough on a previously-identified and long-standing research stumbling block

Author comments upon resubmission

Dear Editor,

We once again thank you for your efforts regarding our submission to SciPost.

We have taken slightly longer than originally intended before resubmitting our manuscript to SciPost. As you mentioned in your previous communication: "Report 1 is quite detailed, and argues persuasively that the manuscript is suitable for SciPost Physics Core, but would require major revisions for SciPost Physics." We agree with your assessment and have taken great effort to address the concerns raised by referee 1. We believe we have done so successfully. The main concern raised by Referee 1, was whether the connection between the KZ equations and the LZ models identified in our work can actually be used beyond the 2×2 model described in our work.

This is a reasonable remark, as the solution of the 2×2 model is known and can be obtained by other means. Thus, in an effort to showcase the applicability of the KZ equations and their solutions in terms of contour integrals, we have obtained solutions to 3×3 and 4×4 HLZ problems. These solutions are new, and could only be derived through the contour integral solution associated with the KZ equations. We believe that these additions to our paper should satisfy Referee 1, as they explicitly match the requirements set out by the referee: "If the connection between the KZ equations and the exact solutions from Section 2 would be made more explicit away from the 2x2 model, I would be happy to recommend this paper for SciPost Physics, since then the paper clearly meets the journal expectation of opening a new pathway in an existing or a new research direction." Of course we would patiently await Referee 1's assessment of our new additions.

We have also addressed all other comments of Referee 1.

Given that we have added substantial new material to the paper, and overall made major revisions to adress Referee 1's concerns, as well as the positive appraisal from Referee 2, we have chosen to resubmit our paper to SciPost Physics.

We look forward to your response.
With Kind Regards,
The Authors.

List of changes

In order to address the concerns raised by the referees, we have significantly revised our manuscript. At a macroscopic level, we have reorganized the structure by interchanging Sections 2 and 3 to better emphasize the central message of the paper: the connection between time-dependent integrability and Landau-Zener dynamics. We summarize the major changes below.

The title has been modified slightly to be more descriptive of the content of this work.

We have changed the order of the sections to first introduce the KZ equations and associated contour integral problems in Section 2, followed by the analysis of the 2×2 and 3×3 HLZ models in Section 3.

New exact solutions for the ground state of HLZ problems derived from the 3-site and 4-site spin-1/2 BCS Hamiltonians have been added in Section 2.

Additional explanations have been included in Section 3 to clarify how the solutions to the HLZ ODEs are obtained.

New results have been presented for a previously unsolved 3×3 HLZ problem and for a new 4×4 HLZ problem in Section 4.

Appendices have been updated to reflect these revisions, including new results expressed in terms of multivariate hypergeometric functions, discussed in detail in Appendix~A.

The Introduction and Conclusion have been revised to more precisely state our claims regarding LZ solvability.

Several subsections in Sections 2 and 4 have been updated for clarity and completeness.

All figures have been redesigned to ensure compatibility with grayscale printing.

Published as SciPost Phys. 18, 212 (2025)


Reports on this Submission

Report #1 by Anonymous (Referee 1) on 2025-6-12 (Invited Report)

  • Cite as: Anonymous, Report on arXiv:scipost_202409_00030v2, delivered 2025-06-12, doi: 10.21468/SciPost.Report.11393

Strengths

See my previous report. Additionally, the connection between the KZ equations and Landau-Zener models is clarified and various new analytical results for the latter are presented.

Weaknesses

/

Report

I would like to thank the authors for their significant efforts in addressing my previous report. The revised version significantly clarifies the connection between the KZ equations and integrable Landau-Zener models. I agree with the authors' comments upon resubmission and am happy to recommend this paper for publication in SciPost Physics since, in my opinion, it now clearly meets the journal expectation of opening a new pathway in an existing or a new research direction (time-dependent integrability).

Requested changes

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Recommendation

Publish (easily meets expectations and criteria for this Journal; among top 50%)

  • validity: -
  • significance: -
  • originality: -
  • clarity: -
  • formatting: -
  • grammar: -

Author:  Lieuwe Bakker  on 2025-06-20  [id 5584]

(in reply to Report 1 on 2025-06-12)

Dear Referee,

We once again thank you for your carefull assessment of the manuscript, as well as your support for the publication of our work.

With Kind Regards,
The Authors

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