SciPost Phys. 10, 026 (2021) ·
published 4 February 2021
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We describe the extension, beyond fundamental representations of the
Yang-Baxter algebra, of our new construction of separation of variables bases
for quantum integrable lattice models. The key idea underlying our approach is
to use the commuting conserved charges of the quantum integrable models to
generate bases in which their spectral problem is separated, i.e. in which the
wave functions are factorized in terms of specific solutions of a functional
equation. For the so-called "non-fundamental" models we construct two different
types of SoV bases. The first is given from the fundamental quantum Lax
operator having isomorphic auxiliary and quantum spaces and that can be
obtained by fusion of the original quantum Lax operator. The construction
essentially follows the one we used previously for fundamental models and
allows us to derive the simplicity and diagonalizability of the transfer matrix
spectrum. Then, starting from the original quantum Lax operator and using the
full tower of the fused transfer matrices, we introduce a second type of SoV
bases for which the proof of the separation of the transfer matrix spectrum is
naturally derived. We show that, under some special choice, this second type of
SoV bases coincides with the one associated to Sklyanin's approach. Moreover,
we derive the finite difference type (quantum spectral curve) functional
equation and the set of its solutions defining the complete transfer matrix
spectrum. This is explicitly implemented for the integrable quantum models
associated to the higher spin representations of the general quasi-periodic
Y(gl2) Yang-Baxter algebra. Our SoV approach also leads to the construction of
a Q-operator in terms of the fused transfer matrices. Finally, we show that the
Q-operator family can be equivalently used as the family of commuting conserved
charges enabling to construct our SoV bases.
Jean Michel Maillet, Giuliano Niccoli, Louis Vignoli
SciPost Phys. 9, 086 (2020) ·
published 11 December 2020
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Using the framework of the quantum separation of variables (SoV) for higher
rank quantum integrable lattice models [1], we introduce some foundations to go
beyond the obtained complete transfer matrix spectrum description, and open the
way to the computation of matrix elements of local operators. This first
amounts to obtain simple expressions for scalar products of the so-called
separate states (transfer matrix eigenstates or some simple generalization of
them). In the higher rank case, left and right SoV bases are expected to be
pseudo-orthogonal, that is for a given SoV co-vector, there could be more than
one non-vanishing overlap with the vectors of the chosen right SoV basis. For
simplicity, we describe our method to get these pseudo-orthogonality overlaps
in the fundamental representations of the $\mathcal{Y}(gl_3)$ lattice model
with $N$ sites, a case of rank 2. The non-zero couplings between the co-vector
and vector SoV bases are exactly characterized. While the corresponding
SoV-measure stays reasonably simple and of possible practical use, we address
the problem of constructing left and right SoV bases which do satisfy standard
orthogonality. In our approach, the SoV bases are constructed by using families
of conserved charges. This gives us a large freedom in the SoV bases
construction, and allows us to look for the choice of a family of conserved
charges which leads to orthogonal co-vector/vector SoV bases. We first define
such a choice in the case of twist matrices having simple spectrum and zero
determinant. Then, we generalize the associated family of conserved charges and
orthogonal SoV bases to generic simple spectrum and invertible twist matrices.
Under this choice of conserved charges, and of the associated orthogonal SoV
bases, the scalar products of separate states simplify considerably and take a
form similar to the $\mathcal{Y}(gl_2)$ rank one case.
Jean Michel Maillet, Giuliano Niccoli, Louis Vignoli
SciPost Phys. 9, 060 (2020) ·
published 27 October 2020
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We construct quantum Separation of Variables (SoV) bases for both the
fundamental inhomogeneous $gl_{\mathcal{M}|\mathcal{N}}$ supersymmetric
integrable models and for the inhomogeneous Hubbard model both defined with
quasi-periodic twisted boundary conditions given by twist matrices having
simple spectrum. The SoV bases are obtained by using the integrable structure
of these quantum models,i.e. the associated commuting transfer matrices,
following the general scheme introduced in [1]; namely, they are given by set
of states generated by the multiple action of the transfer matrices on a
generic co-vector. The existence of such SoV bases implies that the
corresponding transfer matrices have non degenerate spectrum and that they are
diagonalizable with simple spectrum if the twist matrices defining the
quasi-periodic boundary conditions have that property. Moreover, in these SoV
bases the resolution of the transfer matrix eigenvalue problem leads to the
resolution of the full spectral problem, i.e. both eigenvalues and
eigenvectors. Indeed, to any eigenvalue is associated the unique (up to a
trivial overall normalization) eigenvector whose wave-function in the SoV bases
is factorized into products of the corresponding transfer matrix eigenvalue
computed on the spectrum of the separate variables. As an application, we
characterize completely the transfer matrix spectrum in our SoV framework for
the fundamental $gl_{1|2}$ supersymmetric integrable model associated to a
special class of twist matrices. From these results we also prove the
completeness of the Bethe Ansatz for that case. The complete solution of the
spectral problem for fundamental inhomogeneous $gl_{\mathcal{M}|\mathcal{N}}$
supersymmetric integrable models and for the inhomogeneous Hubbard model under
the general twisted boundary conditions will be addressed in a future
publication.
SciPost Phys. 6, 071 (2019) ·
published 21 June 2019
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We apply our new approach of quantum Separation of Variables (SoV) to the
complete characterization of the transfer matrix spectrum of quantum integrable
lattice models associated to gl(n)-invariant R-matrices in the fundamental
representations. We consider lattices with N sites and quasi-periodic boundary
conditions associated to an arbitrary twist K having simple spectrum (but not
necessarily diagonalizable). In our approach the SoV basis is constructed in an
universal manner starting from the direct use of the conserved charges of the
models, i.e., from the commuting family of transfer matrices. Using the
integrable structure of the models, incarnated in the hierarchy of transfer
matrices fusion relations, we prove that our SoV basis indeed separates the
spectrum of the corresponding transfer matrices. Moreover, the combined use of
the fusion rules, of the known analytic properties of the transfer matrices and
of the SoV basis allows us to obtain the complete characterization of the
transfer matrix spectrum and to prove its simplicity. Any transfer matrix
eigenvalue is completely characterized as a solution of a so-called quantum
spectral curve equation that we obtain as a difference functional equation of
order n. Namely, any eigenvalue satisfies this equation and any solution of
this equation having prescribed properties leads to an eigenvalue. We construct
the associated eigenvector, unique up to normalization, by computing its
decomposition on the SoV basis that is of a factorized form written in terms of
the powers of the corresponding eigenvalues. If the twist matrix K is
diagonalizable with simple spectrum then the transfer matrix is also
diagonalizable with simple spectrum. In that case, we give a construction of
the Baxter Q-operator satisfying a T-Q equation of order n, the quantum
spectral curve equation, involving the hierarchy of the fused transfer
matrices.
SciPost Phys. 5, 026 (2018) ·
published 24 September 2018
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This article is a direct continuation of [1] where we begun the study of the
transfer matrix spectral problem for the cyclic representations of the
trigonometric 6-vertex reflection algebra associated to the Bazhanov-Stroganov
Lax operator. There we addressed this problem for the case where one of the
K-matrices describing the boundary conditions is triangular. In the present
article we consider the most general integrable boundary conditions, namely the
most general boundary K-matrices satisfying the reflection equation. The
spectral analysis is developed by implementing the method of Separation of
Variables (SoV). We first design a suitable gauge transformation that enable us
to put into correspondence the spectral problem for the most general boundary
conditions with another one having one boundary K-matrix in a triangular form.
In these settings the SoV resolution can be obtained along an extension of the
method described in [1]. The transfer matrix spectrum is then completely
characterized in terms of the set of solutions to a discrete system of
polynomial equations in a given class of functions and equivalently as the set
of solutions to an analogue of Baxter's T-Q functional equation. We further
describe scalar product properties of the separate states including eigenstates
of the transfer matrix.
Jean Michel Maillet, Giuliano Niccoli, Baptiste Pezelier
SciPost Phys. 2, 009 (2017) ·
published 28 February 2017
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We study the transfer matrix spectral problem for the cyclic representations
of the trigonometric 6-vertex reflection algebra associated to the
Bazhanov-Stroganov Lax operator. The results apply as well to the spectral
analysis of the lattice sine-Gordon model with integrable open boundary
conditions. This spectral analysis is developed by implementing the method of
separation of variables (SoV). The transfer matrix spectrum (both eigenvalues
and eigenstates) is completely characterized in terms of the set of solutions
to a discrete system of polynomial equations in a given class of functions.
Moreover, we prove an equivalent characterization as the set of solutions to a
Baxter's like T-Q functional equation and rewrite the transfer matrix
eigenstates in an algebraic Bethe ansatz form. In order to explain our method
in a simple case, the present paper is restricted to representations containing
one constraint on the boundary parameters and on the parameters of the
Bazhanov-Stroganov Lax operator. In a next article, some more technical tools
(like Baxter's gauge transformations) will be introduced to extend our approach
to general integrable boundary conditions.
Prof. Maillet: "We would like first to expres..."
in Submissions | report on Transfer matrix spectrum for cyclic representations of the 6-vertex reflection algebra II