Anisotropic scaling of the two-dimensional Ising model I: The torus

Submission summary

 As Contributors: Fred Hucht Arxiv Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10155v1 (pdf) Date submitted: 2018-03-28 02:00 Submitted by: Hucht, Fred Submitted to: SciPost Physics Discipline: Physics Subject area: Statistical and Soft Matter Physics Approach: Theoretical

Abstract

We present detailed calculations for the partition function and the free energy of the finite two-dimensional Ising model with periodic and antiperiodic boundary conditions, variable aspect ratio, and anisotropic couplings on the square lattice, as well as for the corresponding free energy scaling functions. Therefore we discuss the dimer mapping, the interplay between its topology and the different types of boundary conditions. As a central result we show how both the finite system as well as the scaling form decay into contributions for the bulk, a characteristic finite-size part, and - if present - the surface tension and its emergence due to at least one antiperiodic boundary in the system. For the scaling limit we expand the proper finite-size scaling theory to the anisotropic case and show how this anisotropy can be absorbed into suitable scaling variables.

Ontology / Topics

See full Ontology or Topics database.

Current status:
Has been resubmitted

Submission & Refereeing History

Resubmission 1803.10155v3 on 15 August 2019
Resubmission 1803.10155v2 on 25 June 2019

Submission 1803.10155v1 on 28 March 2018

Reports on this Submission

Anonymous Report 2 on 2018-5-25 Invited Report

• Cite as: Anonymous, Report on arXiv:1803.10155v1, delivered 2018-05-25, doi: 10.21468/SciPost.Report.468

Strengths

1. Gives a number of new results for the scaling form of the free energy of an Ising model on the torus, including a careful discussion of the Casimir effect.

Weaknesses

1. The authors should state more carefully which results are being reviewed and which are claimed to be new.
2. The existing (huge) literature should be better acknowledged, by citing original papers instead of textbooks and reviews.
3. Some elements of the presentation could be improved.

Report

The paper begins by reviewing the derivation of the free energy of a two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model on the torus with various boundary conditions (periodic and antiperiodic along the two principal directions), using the dimer representation. This review is useful and contains some slight changes with respect to the existing literature. However, this part would be stronger if the authors accounted more precisely for those changes and cited the existing literature more carefully (instead of giving general citations to the book by McCoy and Wu). There is also a number of places where the wording is unclear, or English words are not used correctly (a few examples: "exemplary" in the caption to figure 2, "covered by the two matrices" before (7b), "emulated" on page 7).

The more interesting part of the manuscript starts in section 3 with a careful discussion of the scaling form of the free energy and the extraction of various kinds of Casimir effects. However, the authors should make a greater effort to state which results can be found elsewhere (in some form) and which ones are genuinely new. In particular, similar investigations have been performed in several papers by Izmailian and coworkers, none of which are cited here.

The paper would gain in interest if it contained also the treatment of boundary fields, as announced towards the end, but if the authors insist on publishing this separately I do not have any objections.

Requested changes

1. Cite original papers instead of general textbooks, and add missing references.
2. Correct unclear or erroneous wordings.
3. Make clear claims which results are genuinely new.

• validity: high
• significance: high
• originality: good
• clarity: good
• formatting: excellent
• grammar: good

Author Fred Hucht on 2019-06-23
(in reply to Report 2 on 2018-05-25)
Category:
remark
correction

We thank the referee for her/his report and changed the manuscript accordingly. Unfortunately, the whole procedure took much longer than expected due to several reasons. We kindly apologise for that delay.

We rewrote large parts of the manuscript, updated several figures, added a large number of citations (34), and changed the notation at many places on order to increase the readability and to simplify the calculation. We added the requested citations at the appropriate positions, where our results match already published work.

We kept the second part of this work separately and submitted it to SciPost, together with an revised version of part 1, as suggested by the first referee JHH Perk.

Report 1 by Jacques H. H. Perk on 2018-5-20 Invited Report

• Cite as: Jacques H. H. Perk, Report on arXiv:1803.10155v1, delivered 2018-05-20, doi: 10.21468/SciPost.Report.457

Strengths

1- This sequence of two papers has several new results

Weaknesses

1- Many citations are lacking

2- Lacks adequate comparisons with the literature

2- Presentation is hard to read and can be improved

Report

This paper is for major part also preparation for a second paper arXiv:1805.00369 and should, in my opinion, only be published if that paper is also to be published in this journal, preferentially back-to-back. I shall, therefore, also comment on the second paper.

The calculations in these papers appear sound, but the presentation is at times not as clear as it can be. The original setup is essentially the presentation of the book of McCoy and Wu, but with some differences that are not clearly discussed and it will not at all be easy for a novice in the field to read the paper. One difference is that McCoy and Wu add plus/minus signs from the start, whereas the manuscript starts with only have positive entries and antisymmetrizes late in (11). Even though it is a matter of doing steps in a different order, as the reader is asked to consult McCoy and Wu, one may expect more discussion.

The major objection to the current version is that several essential citations are lacking. For section 2.2 of the manuscript, with translation invariance in one direction, one would not just want to see an implicit citation to Chapter 14 of the book of McCoy and Wu given (chapter 4 was cited earlier), but also the original paper [B.M. McCoy and T.T. Wu, Phys. Rev. 176, Theory of a two-dimensional Ising model with random impurities. I. Thermodynamics, 631-643 (1968)] and several other ones. Two early ones are:

(1) H. Au-Yang and B.M. McCoy, Theory of layered Ising models: Thermodynamics, Phys. Rev. B 10, 886-891 (1974). This paper varies the vertical couplings periodically with period $n$ in one direction. This work has many citations, also for quantum chains, due to the formula for the critical point. Tracy by a limit of periodic approximants got the critical point for a Fibonacci Ising model [C.A. Tracy, Universality class of a Fibonacci Ising model, J. Stat. Phys., 51, 481-490 (1988)]. Extension to triangular and honeycomb lattices exist [W.F. Wolff and J. Zittartz, Layered Ising models on triangular and honeycomb lattices, Z. Phys.B 49, 139-148 (1982).] Au-Yang and Fisher calculated various scaling functions [H. Au-Yang and M.E. Fisher, Bounded and inhomogeneous Ising models. II. Specific-heat scaling function for a strip, Phys. Rev. B 11, 3469-3487 (1975). M.E. Fisher and H. Au-Yang, Critical wall perturbations and a local free energy functional, Physica A 101, 255-264 (1980). H. Au-Yang and M.E. Fisher, Wall effects in critical systems: Scaling in Ising model strips, Phys. Rev. B 21, 3956-3970 (1980). H. Au-Yang and M.E. Fisher, Criticality in alternating layered Ising models: I. Effects of connectivity and proximity, Phys. Rev. E 88, 032147. H. Au-Yang, Criticality in alternating layered Ising models: II. Exact scaling theory, Phys. Rev. E 88, 032148. D.B. Abraham and J. De Coninck, Description of phases in a film-thickening transition, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 16, L333 (1983).] This just to mention a few of the many citations.

(2) J.R. Hamm, Regularly spaced blocks of impurities in the Ising model: Critical temperature and specific heat, Phys. Rev. B 15, 5391-5411 (1977). This paper varies both the horizontal and vertical couplings periodically with period $n$ in one direction. It even studies the case with period 2 in the other direction, in some sense more general than done in the manuscript!

There are also many papers on finite size corrections for the isotropic Ising model [N.Sh. Izmailian and C.-K. Hu, Exact universal amplitude ratios for two-dimensional Ising models and a quantum spin chain, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5160-5163 (2001). N.Sh. Izmailian, K.B. Oganesyan and C.-K. Hu, Exact finite-size corrections for the square-lattice Ising model with Brascamp-Kunz boundary conditions, Phys. Rev. E 65, 056132 (2002). E.V. Ivashkevich, N.Sh. Izmailian and C.-K. Hu, Kronecker's double series and exact asymptotic expansions for free models of statistical mechanics on torus, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 35, 5543-5561 (2002). N.Sh. Izmailian and C.-K. Hu, Finite-size effects for the Ising model on helical tori, Phys. Rev. E 76, 041118 (2007).]

An interesting numerical approach is by star-triangle transformations in the isotropic case for several lattices and boundary conditions that deserve comparison [X. Wu, N. Izmailian and W. Guo, Finite-size behavior of the critical Ising model on a rectangle with free boundaries, Phys. Rev. E 86, 041149 (2012), errata: 87, 019901(E) (2013). X. Wu, N. Izmailian and W. Guo, Shape-dependent finite-size effect of the critical two-dimensional Ising model on a triangular lattice, Phys. Rev. E 87, 022124 (2013). X. Wu, R. Zheng, N. Izmailian and W. Guo, Accurate expansions of internal energy and specific heat of critical two-dimensional Ising model with free boundaries, J. Stat. Phys. 155, 106-150 (2014).]

A must reference is: N.Sh. Izmailian, Finite-size effects for anisotropic 2D Ising model with various boundary conditions, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45, 494009 (2012). See also: D.B. Abraham and N.M. {\v S}vraki{\'c}, Exact finite-size effects in surface tension, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1172-1174 (1986). D.B. Abraham, L.F. Ko and N.M. {\v S}vraki{\'c}, Ising model with adjustable boundary conditions: Exact results for finite lattice mass gaps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2393-2396 (1988). D.B. Abraham, L.F. Ko and N.M. {\v S}vraki{\'c}, Transfer matrix spectrum for the finite-width Ising model with adjustable boundary conditions: Exact solution, J. Stat. Phys. 56, 563-587 (1989).

In the second paper, the authors discuss the case of two boundary fields. This was pioneered by Au-Yang [H. Au-Yang, Thermodynamics of an anisotropic boundary of a two-dimensional Ising model, J. Math. Phys. 14, 937-946 (1973).] This paper also has relevant citations.

There are many more citations, but this is what a brief citation search has given me. The authors should include most of these and possibly others at suitable places in their work and make comparisons with results in the literature of the last almost 50 years, as their work is seriously lacking in this.

Requested changes

1- Add many citations at suitable places

2- Make adequate comparisons of results with the literature

3- Improve the presentation to make paper more readable and to make results more accessible

• validity: high
• significance: high
• originality: high
• clarity: ok
• formatting: good
• grammar: good

Author Fred Hucht on 2019-06-23
(in reply to Report 1 by Jacques H. H. Perk on 2018-05-20)
Category:
remark
correction

We thank Prof. Perk for his detailed report and changed the manuscript accordingly. Unfortunately, the whole procedure took much longer than expected due to several reasons. We kindly apologise for that delay.

We rewrote large parts of the manuscript, updated several figures, added a large number of citations (34), and changed the notation at many places on order to increase the readability and to simplify the calculation. We added the requested citations at the appropriate positions, where our results match already published work.

Concerning the criticism of citations to the layered Ising model, we have chosen not to include a complete list of papers concerning this model. Although it is translational invariant in one direction, the mentioned works cover only the infinitely large case and not finite lattices, not to speak of the case of a finite aspect ratio, and therefore only mimic true periodic behaviour in finite systems by repeating the couplings periodically. Consequently, these works consider no boundaries at all, and therefore allow for no predictions concerning residual free energies, finite-size scaling functions, and Casimir forces.

The first part of our work, on the other hand, is concerned with exactly this set up, i.e., finding the partition function for the periodic, finite system. The main difference can be located at criticality, as here the divergence of the correlation length is only truly restricted for a finite lattice; the periodic repetition of the couplings on the infinite lattice does not do so. Especially there is no self-interaction of the critical domains because of the critical percolation. That we first choosed to fix only one direction accounts for the will to present the most general formulation of our problem, in this case a handy transfer-matrix method for the periodic, finite Ising model in two dimensions.

Especially the paper by J.R. Hamm [J.R. Hamm, Regularly spaced blocks of impurities in the Ising model: Critical temperature and specific heat, Phys. Rev. B 15, 5391-5411 (1977)] is for our concerns in no sense more general, as it — again — only mimics true periodicity by a periodic variation of the couplings and not by true periodic boundary conditions.

We submitted the second part of this work to SciPost, together with an revised version of part 1, as suggested.