Publications

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Introduction to the usage of open data from the Large Hadron Collider for computer scientists in the context of machine learning

Timo Saala, Matthias Schott

SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes 96 (2025) · published 23 June 2025 | · pdf

Deep learning techniques have evolved rapidly in recent years, significantly impacting various scientific fields, including experimental particle physics. To effectively leverage the latest developments in computer science for particle physics, a strengthened collaboration between computer scientists and physicists is essential. As all machine learning techniques depend on the availability and comprehensibility of extensive data, clear data descriptions and commonly used data formats are prerequisites for successful collaboration. In this study, we converted open data from the Large Hadron Collider, recorded in the ROOT data format commonly used in high-energy physics, to pandas DataFrames, a well-known format in computer science. Additionally, we provide a brief introduction to the data's content and interpretation. This paper aims to serve as a starting point for future interdisciplinary collaborations between computer scientists and physicists, fostering closer ties and facilitating efficient knowledge exchange.
An introduction to large deviations with applications in physics

Ivan N. Burenev, Daniël W. H. Cloete, Vansh Kharbanda, Hugo Touchette

SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes 104 (2025) · published 23 October 2025 | · pdf

These notes are based on the lectures that one of us (HT) gave at the Summer School on the "Theory of Large Deviations and Applications," held in July 2024 at Les Houches in France. They present the basic definitions and mathematical results that form the theory of large deviations, as well as many simple motivating examples of applications in statistical physics, which serve as a basis for the many other lectures given at the school that covered more specific applications in biophysics, random matrix theory, nonequilibrium systems, geophysics, and the simulation of rare events, among other topics. These notes extend the lectures, which can be accessed online, by presenting exercises and pointer references for further reading.
Phase transitions in quantum dot-Majorana zero mode coupling systems

Yue Mao, Qing-Feng Sun

SciPost Phys. Core 8, 031 (2025) · published 11 March 2025 | · pdf

The magnetic doublet ground state (GS) of a quantum dot (QD) could be changed to a spin-singlet GS by coupling to a superconductor. In analogy, here we study the GS phase transitions in QD-Majorana zero mode (MZM) coupling systems: GS behaves phase transition versus intra-dot energy level and QD-MZM coupling strength. The phase diagrams of GS are obtained, for cases with and without Zeeman term. Along with the phase transition, we also study the change of spin feature and density of states. The properties of the phase transition are understood via a mean-field picture. Our study not only serves as an analogue to QD-superconductor phase transitions, but also gives alternative explanations on MZM-relevant experiments.
Simplified derivations for high-dimensional convex learning problems

David G. Clark, Haim Sompolinsky

SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes 105 (2025) · published 23 October 2025 | · pdf

Statistical-physics calculations in machine learning and theoretical neuroscience often involve lengthy derivations that obscure physical interpretation. Here, we give concise, non-replica derivations of several key results and highlight their underlying similarities. In particular, using a cavity approach, we analyze three high-dimensional learning problems: perceptron classification of points, perceptron classification of manifolds, and kernel ridge regression. These problems share a common structure—a bipartite system of interacting feature and datum variables—enabling a unified analysis. Furthermore, for perceptron-capacity problems, we identify a symmetry that allows derivation of correct capacities through a naïve method.
The fermionic double smeared null energy condition

Duarte Fragoso, Lihan Guo

SciPost Phys. Core 8, 045 (2025) · published 26 June 2025 | · pdf

Energy conditions are crucial for understanding why exotic phenomena such as traversable wormholes and closed timelike curves remain elusive. In this paper, we prove the Double Smeared Null Energy Condition (DSNEC) for the fermionic free theory in 4-dimensional flat Minkowski spacetime, extending previous work on the same energy condition for the bosonic case [J. R. Fliss and B. Freivogel, SciPost Phys. 12, 084 (2022); J. R. Fliss et al., SciPost Phys. 14, 024 (2023)] by adapting Fewster and Mistry's method [C. J. Fewster and B. Mistry, Phys. Rev. D 68, 105010 (2003)] to the energy-momentum tensor $T_{++}$. A notable difference from previous works lies in the presence of the $\gamma_0 \gamma_+$ matrix in $T_{++}$, causing a loss of symmetry. This challenge is addressed by making use of its square-root matrix. We provide explicit analytic results for the massless case as well as numerical insights for the mass-dependence of the bound in the case of Gaussian smearing.
Mergers as a probe of particle dark matter

Anupam Ray

SciPost Phys. Proc. 12, 056 (2023) · published 5 July 2023 | · pdf

Black holes below Chandrasekhar mass limit (1.4 $M_{\odot}$) can not be produced via any standard stellar evolution. Recently, gravitational wave experiments have also discovered unusually low mass black holes whose origin is yet to be known. We propose a simple yet novel formation mechanism of such low mass black holes. Non-annihilating particle dark matter, owing to their interaction with stellar nuclei, can gradually accumulate inside compact stars, and eventually swallows them to low mass black holes, ordinarily impermissible by the Chandrasekhar limit. We point out several avenues to test this proposal, concentrating on the cosmic evolution of the binary merger rates.
Entanglement Rényi entropies in celestial holography

Federico Capone, Andy O’Bannon, Ronnie Rodgers, Somyadip Thakur

SciPost Phys. 19, 042 (2025) · published 15 August 2025 | · pdf

Celestial holography is the conjecture that scattering amplitudes in $(d+2)$-dimensional asymptotically Minkowski spacetimes are dual to correlators of a $d$-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) on the celestial sphere, called the celestial CFT (CCFT). In a CFT, we can calculate sub-region entanglement Rényi entropies (EREs), including entanglement entropy (EE), from correlators of twist operators, via the replica trick. We argue that CCFT twist operators are holographically dual to cosmic branes in the $(d+2)$-dimensional spacetime, and that their correlators are holographically dual to the $(d+2)$-dimensional partition function (the vacuum-to-vacuum scattering amplitude) in the presence of these cosmic branes. We hence compute the EREs of a spherical sub-region of the CCFT's conformal vacuum, finding the form dictated by conformal symmetry, including a universal contribution determined by the CCFT's sphere partition function (odd $d$) or Weyl anomaly (even $d$). We find that this universal contribution vanishes when $d=4$ mod $4$, and otherwise is proportional to $i$ times the $d^{\textrm{th}}$ power of the $(d+2)$-dimensional long-distance cutoff in Planck units.
Mutual multilinearity of nonequilibrium network currents

Sara Dal Cengio, Pedro E. Harunari, Vivien Lecomte, Matteo Polettini

SciPost Phys. 19, 111 (2025) · published 27 October 2025 | · pdf

Continuous-time Markov chains have been successful in modelling systems across numerous fields, with currents being fundamental entities that describe the flows of energy, particles, individuals, chemical species, information, or other quantities. They apply to systems described by agents transitioning between vertices along the edges of a network (at some rate in each direction). It has recently been shown by the authors that, at stationarity, a hidden linearity exists between currents that flow along edges: if one controls the current of a specific "input" edge (by tuning transition rates along it), any other current is a linear-affine function of the input current [Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 047401 (2024)]. In this paper, we extend this result to the situation where one controls the currents of several edges, and prove that other currents are in linear-affine relation with the input ones. Two proofs with distinct insights are provided: the first relies on Kirchhoff's current law and reduces the input set inductively through graph analysis, while the second utilizes the resolvent approach via a Laplace transform in time. We obtain explicit expressions for the current-to-current susceptibilities, which allow one to map current dependencies through the network. We also verify from our expression that Kirchhoff's current law is recovered as a limiting case of our mutual linearity. Last, we uncover that susceptibilities can be obtained from fluctuations when the reference system is originally at equilibrium.
Accurate surrogate amplitudes with calibrated uncertainties

Henning Bahl, Nina Elmer, Luigi Favaro, Manuel Haußmann, Tilman Plehn, Ramon Winterhalder

SciPost Phys. Core 8, 073 (2025) · published 24 October 2025 | · pdf

Neural networks for LHC physics have to be accurate, reliable, and controlled. Using neural surrogates for the prediction of loop amplitudes as a use case, we first show how activation functions are systematically tested with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks. Then, we train neural surrogates to simultaneously predict the target amplitude and an uncertainty for the prediction. We disentangle systematic uncertainties, learned by a well-defined likelihood loss, from statistical uncertainties, which require the introduction of Bayesian neural networks or repulsive ensembles. We test the coverage of the learned uncertainties using pull distributions to quantify the calibration of cutting-edge neural surrogates.
Measurements of $\phi$ meson and $\Xi^-$ hyperon production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV from STAR experiment

Yingjie Zhou

SciPost Phys. Proc. 10, 038 (2022) · published 11 August 2022 | · pdf

In this proceedings, we present our first measurements of $\phi$ meson and $\Xi^-$ hyperon production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV. Various models including thermal and transport model calculations are compared to data, these results imply that the matter produced in the 3 GeV Au+Au collisions is considerably different from that at higher energies.

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